Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
Today, Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills is a highly relevant and topical topic that draws the attention of experts and the general public. It is a topic that does not leave anyone indifferent, since its repercussions can be very significant in different areas of society. For that reason, it is important to delve deeper into Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills to understand its impact and generate an informed debate about it. In this article, we will explore different aspects of Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills, from its origin and evolution to its possible implications in the future. In addition, we will analyze various perspectives on Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills with the aim of enriching knowledge and providing a more complete and global vision on this topic.
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In many Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects.[citation needed]
People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.
Voiced alveolar trill
| Voiced alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA Number | 122 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | r |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA | r |
| Braille |  |
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation may be
- dental (behind the upper front teeth),
- alveolar (at the alveolar ridge), or
- post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).
- It is most often apical, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian | arra | 'that way' | Laminal dental. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Marshallese | dik | 'to be small' | Palatalized. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, /rˠ/ (velarized) and /rʷ/ (rounded), are post-alveolar. | ||
| Romanian | repede | 'quickly' | Apical. See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian | рьяный/ŕjaný | 'zealous' | Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization. It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology | ||
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | rooi | 'red' | May be a tap [ɾ] instead. See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard | راء/rá' | the name of the letter ر | In free variation with [ɾ] by many speakers. | |
| Aragonese | sotarraño | 'basement' | Allophone of /ɾ/. | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | ռումբ/rumb | 'cannonball' | ||
| Asturian | ferramienta | 'tool' | Allophone of /ɾ/. | ||
| Bengali | রাত/rat | 'night' | More commonly for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against , which occurs medially and finally. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Breton | roue | 'king' | Dominant in and around Léon and Morbihan while many other dialects have adopted the voiced uvular fricative. See Breton phonology | ||
| Bulgarian | работа/rabota | 'work' | See Bulgarian phonology | ||
| Chinese [better source needed] |
Dangyang (a Southwestern Mandarin) | 被子 | quilt | ||
| Chuvash | арăслан/aräslan | 'lion' | |||
| Czech | chlor | 'chlorine' | Contrasts with /r̝/; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology | ||
| Danish | Few speakers of the Jutlandic dialect | [example needed] | Corresponds to much more back in standard Danish. See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch | Standard | raam | 'window' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | African-American | outta the city | 'out of the city' | A sequence of tapped ɾ between unstressed ə may become a single trill in AAVE. | |
| Scottish | curd | 'curd' | Only some dialects. Corresponds to in others. See English phonology | ||
| Welsh | bright | 'bright' | Some dialects under Welsh influence. Corresponds to in others. | ||
| Estonian | korrus | 'floor' | See Estonian phonology | ||
| Finnish | raaka | 'raw' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| Greek | Standard | άρτος/ártos | 'artos' | Allophone of /ɾ/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Cypriot | βορράς/vorras | 'north' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | पत्थर / pëtthër | 'stone' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Urdu | پتھر / pëtthër | ||||
| Indonesian | getar | 'vibrate' | See Indonesian phonology | ||
| Italian | terra | 'earth' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | Shitamachi dialect | から kara | 'from' | Allophone of /ɾ/. See Japanese phonology. | |
| Kansai dialect | |||||
| Kele | 'leg' | ||||
| Khmer | ត្រី / trey | 'fish' or 'three' | See Khmer phonology | ||
| Kyrgyz | ыр/ır | 'song' | |||
| Latvian | rags | 'horn' | See Latvian phonology | ||
| Lithuanian | ir | 'and' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Malay | کورڠ / kurang | 'less' | May be postalveolar approximant , or more commonly, flap . See Malay phonology | ||
| Malayalam | റമ്മി/rummy | 'rummy' | See Malayalam phonology | ||
| Nepali | घर्रा/ghórra | 'drawer' | See Nepali phonology | ||
| Polish | krok | 'step' | Usually realized as [ɾ]. See Polish phonology. | ||
| Portuguese | rato | 'mouse' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R. | ||
| Scots | bricht | 'bright' | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | ceart | 'true' | Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr, or before consonants d, t, l, n, s; otherwise a voiced alveolar tap. Contrasts with /ɾʲ/ and /ɾ/ intervocally and word-finally. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | рт / rt | 'cape' | May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Slovak | krk | 'neck' | May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic. | ||
| Slovene | riž | 'rice' | Also described as tap [ɾ], and variable between trill and tap [ɾ]. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish | perro | 'dog' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Some West coast and Northern dialects | bra | 'good' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tagalog | rambutan | 'rambutan' | Allophone of the more common , especially with more conservative speakers. See Tagalog phonology | ||
| Tamil | பறவை/paravai | 'bird' | See Tamil phonology | ||
| Thai | Standard | ชลบุรี/chonbùri | 'Chonburi' | ||
| Titan | 'girls' | ||||
| Ukrainian | рух/rux | 'motion' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | 'December' | Contrasts with the voiceless alveolar trill, /r̥/. See Welsh phonology | ||
| Yiddish | Standard | בריק/brik | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap [ɾ]; can be uvular instead. See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | r-ree | 'go out (habitually)' | Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/. | |
Post-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | ruc | 'donkey' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Gokana | bele | 'we' | Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [l] instead. | ||
| Marshallese | raj | 'whale' | /rˠ/ is velarized and /rʷ/ is rounded. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, /rʲ/, is dental and palatalized. | ||
| roj | 'ebb tide' | ||||
| Russian | играть/igrať | 'to play' | Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology | ||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard | Schmarrn | 'nonsense' | Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a tap instead. See Standard German phonology | |
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
| Voiced alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| r̻ | |
| IPA Number | 122 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_r |
In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous and , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as , , or . In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩. (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | čtyři | 'four' | May be a non-sibilant fricative. It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology | ||
| Dzongkha | རུ་ཏོག་/ru-tog | 'bone' | Usually released as a normal trilled , sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone. | ||
| Kashubian | rzéka | 'river' | Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area. | ||
| Kobon | [example needed] | Amount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap[citation needed] | |||
| Ormuri | Standard (Kaniguram) | تڒګب/tařgab | 'summer' | Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect. | |
| Polish | Some dialects | rzeka | 'river' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east of Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast of Ostrów Mazowiecka and west of Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and areas to the north, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with /ʐ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European | os rins | 'the kidneys' | Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as . See Portuguese phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | umrził | '(he) died' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects. | |
| Jablunkov | [example needed] | ||||
| Slovak | Northern dialects | řyka | 'river' | Only in a few dialects near the Polish border. See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | rana | 'frog' | Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative or as a sibilant retroflex fricative . | ||
| Tsakonian | ρζινοδίτζη | 'justice of the peace' | /ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian. | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ Chaubal & Dixit (2011), pp. 270–272.
- ^ Mayo Clinic (2012).
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 228.
- ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76, Szende (1999), p. 104
- ^ Bender (1969), p. xv
- ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^ Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013[dead link]
- ^ a b c Skalozub (1963), p. ?; cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 221
- ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 117.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
- ^ 湖北方言里有颤音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect), 1984, retrieved 26 December 2020
- ^ 中国人能发大舌音"RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
- ^ Pultrová (2013), p. 22.
- ^ Torp (2001), p. 78.
- ^ Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781783162086.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), pp. 14–18
- ^ Arvaniti (2010), pp. 3–4.
- ^ "βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, archived from the original on 13 April 2021, retrieved 5 March 2014
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 135.
- ^ Greenberg (2006), pp. 17 and 20.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Schachter and Reid (2008)
- ^ a b Kleine (2003), p. 263
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
- ^ Recasens & Pallarès (1995), p. 288.
- ^ a b L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03, retrieved 2013-11-24
- ^ Bender (1969), p. xvii-xviii
- ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 53
- ^ For example, Ladefoged (1971).
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 46.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
- ^ van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha (PDF). Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-11-13, retrieved 2013-11-06
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 157
- ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004), p. ?
- ^ Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
- ^ Scutt, C. A. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 19: 20. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163. S2CID 163493476.
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{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)
Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-87022-070-5
