SpiNNaker

In today's world, SpiNNaker is an issue that is becoming increasingly relevant in society. Over time, SpiNNaker has become a fundamental aspect in people's daily lives, influencing their decisions and actions. Since SpiNNaker it has evolved and adapted to new trends and technologies, becoming a topic of common interest for a wide variety of people. In this article, we will thoroughly explore the impact of SpiNNaker on today's society and how it has gained importance over the years.

SpiNNaker: spiking neural network architecture
The SpiNNaker 1 million core machine assembled at the University of Manchester
DeveloperSteve Furber
Product familyManchester computers
TypeNeuromorphic
Release date2019
CPUARM968E-S @ 200 MHz
Memory7 TB
SuccessorSpiNNaker 2
Websiteapt.cs.manchester.ac.uk/projects/SpiNNaker/

SpiNNaker (spiking neural network architecture) is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group (APT) at the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester. It is composed of 57,600 processing nodes, each with 18 ARM9 processors (specifically ARM968) and 128 MB of mobile DDR SDRAM, totalling 1,036,800 cores and over 7 TB of RAM. The computing platform is based on spiking neural networks, useful in simulating the human brain (see Human Brain Project).

The completed design is housed in 10 19-inch racks, with each rack holding over 100,000 cores. The cards holding the chips are held in 5 blade enclosures, and each core emulates 1,000 neurons. In total, the goal is to simulate the behaviour of aggregates of up to a billion neurons in real time. This machine requires about 100 kW from a 240 V supply and an air-conditioned environment.

SpiNNaker is being used as one component of the neuromorphic computing platform for the Human Brain Project.

On 14 October 2018 the HBP announced that the million core milestone had been achieved.

On 24 September 2019 HBP announced that an 8 million euro grant, that will fund construction of the second generation machine, (called SpiNNcloud) has been given to TU Dresden.

References

  1. ^ Yan, Yexin; Kappel, David; Neumarker, Felix; Partzsch, Johannes; Vogginger, Bernhard; Hoppner, Sebastian; Furber, Steve; Maass, Wolfgang; Legenstein, Robert; Mayr, Christian (2019). "Efficient Reward-Based Structural Plasticity on a SpiNNaker 2 Prototype". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems. 13 (3): 579–591. arXiv:1903.08500. Bibcode:2019arXiv190308500Y. doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2906401. ISSN 1932-4545. PMID 30932847. S2CID 84186422.
  2. ^ Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group
  3. ^ "SpiNNaker Project - The SpiNNaker Chip". apt.cs.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  4. ^ SpiNNaker Home Page, University of Manchester, retrieved 11 June 2012
  5. ^ Furber, S. B.; Galluppi, F.; Temple, S.; Plana, L. A. (2014). "The SpiNNaker Project". Proceedings of the IEEE. 102 (5): 652–665. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2014.2304638.
  6. ^ Xin Jin; Furber, S. B.; Woods, J. V. (2008). "Efficient modelling of spiking neural networks on a scalable chip multiprocessor". 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence). pp. 2812–2819. doi:10.1109/IJCNN.2008.4634194. ISBN 978-1-4244-1820-6. S2CID 2103654.
  7. ^ A million ARM cores to host brain simulator Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine News article on the project in the EE Times
  8. ^ Temple, S.; Furber, S. (2007). "Neural systems engineering". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 4 (13): 193–206. doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0177. PMC 2359843. PMID 17251143. A manifesto for the SpiNNaker project, surveying and reviewing the general level of understanding of brain function and approaches to building computer modelof the brain.
  9. ^ Plana, L. A.; Furber, S. B.; Temple, S.; Khan, M.; Shi, Y.; Wu, J.; Yang, S. (2007). "A GALS Infrastructure for a Massively Parallel Multiprocessor". IEEE Design & Test of Computers. 24 (5): 454. doi:10.1109/MDT.2007.149. S2CID 16758888. A description of the Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous (GALS) nature of SpiNNaker, with an overview of the asynchronous communications hardware designed to transmit neural 'spikes' between processors.
  10. ^ Navaridas, J.; Luján, M.; Miguel-Alonso, J.; Plana, L. A.; Furber, S. (2009). "Understanding the interconnection network of SpiNNaker". Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Conference on Supercomputing - ICS '09. p. 286. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.634.9481. doi:10.1145/1542275.1542317. ISBN 9781605584980. S2CID 3710084. Modelling and analysis of the SpiNNaker interconnect in a million-core machine, showing the suitability of the packet-switched network for large-scale spiking neural network simulation.
  11. ^ Rast, A.; Galluppi, F.; Davies, S.; Plana, L.; Patterson, C.; Sharp, T.; Lester, D.; Furber, S. (2011). "Concurrent heterogeneous neural model simulation on real-time neuromimetic hardware". Neural Networks. 24 (9): 961–978. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2011.06.014. PMID 21778034. A demonstration of SpiNNaker's ability to simulate different neural models (simultaneously, if necessary) in contrast to other neuromorphic hardware.
  12. ^ Sharp, T.; Galluppi, F.; Rast, A.; Furber, S. (2012). "Power-efficient simulation of detailed cortical microcircuits on SpiNNaker". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 210 (1): 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.03.001. PMID 22465805. S2CID 19083072. Four-chip, real-time simulation of a four-million-synapse cortical circuit, showing the extreme energy efficiency of the SpiNNaker architecture
  13. ^ a b Video interview by computerphile with Steve Furber
  14. ^ "SpiNNaker Project - Architectural Overview". apt.cs.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  15. ^ "SpiNNaker Project - Boards and Machines". apt.cs.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  16. ^ Calimera, A; Macii, E; Poncino, M (2013). "The Human Brain Project and neuromorphic computing". Functional Neurology. 28 (3): 191–6. PMC 3812737. PMID 24139655.
  17. ^ Monroe, D. (2014). "Neuromorphic computing gets ready for the (really) big time". Communications of the ACM. 57 (6): 13–15. doi:10.1145/2601069. S2CID 20051102.
  18. ^ "SpiNNaker brain simulation project hits one million cores on a single machine". Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  19. ^ Petrut Bogdan (14 October 2018), SpiNNaker: 1 million core neuromorphic platform, retrieved 19 October 2018
  20. ^ "Second Generation SpiNNaker Neuromorphic Supercomputer to be Built at TU Dresden - News". www.humanbrainproject.eu. Retrieved 2 October 2019.


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