Push and pull factors in migration

In today's world, Push and pull factors in migration has become a relevant topic that impacts different aspects of our daily lives. Its influence is evident in areas such as economy, politics, society and culture. From Push and pull factors in migration it has generated an intense debate that seeks to understand in depth its implications and consequences. As Push and pull factors in migration continues to gain relevance, it is crucial to analyze its different facets and understand how they affect our reality. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of Push and pull factors in migration and its impact on our everyday contexts.

Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.[1][2]

Factors

Push

  • Not enough jobs or opportunities
  • Famine or drought
  • Political fear of persecution
  • Poor medical care
  • Loss of wealth
  • Natural disasters
  • Death threats
  • Desire for more political or religious freedom
  • Pollution
  • Poor housing
  • Bullying
  • Discrimination
  • Poor chances of marrying
  • Contamination
  • War
  • Sickness

Pull

  • Job opportunities
  • Higher benefits
  • Better living conditions
  • Having more political or religious freedom
  • Enjoyment
  • Education
  • Better medical care
  • Attractive climates
  • Security
  • Family links
  • Better chances of marrying

Criticism

Sociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lee, Everett S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
  2. ^ Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
  3. ^ de Haas, Hein (2021-02-24). "A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework". Comparative Migration Studies. 9 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 7902564. PMID 33680858.

Further reading

  • Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the drivers of informal urbanization by Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." InPlaning Forum Vol. 18. (2021). online
  • Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
  • Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." PloS one 14.4 (2019): e0214511. online
  • Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend." Economics & Sociology 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
  • Lee, Everett S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
  • Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." Migration & Entwicklung (2008): 16+ online.
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