Isotopes of neodymium

Today, Isotopes of neodymium is a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide audience. Over time, Isotopes of neodymium has acquired significant importance in different areas of society, from politics and economics to culture and everyday life. Its impact has been felt both locally and internationally, generating ongoing debates, controversies and investigations. In this article, we will explore the various facets of Isotopes of neodymium and analyze its influence in different contexts. From its origins to its current evolution, Isotopes of neodymium has proven to be a topic of great relevance and promises to continue being the subject of discussion and analysis in the future.

Isotopes of neodymium (60Nd)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
142Nd 27.2% stable
143Nd 12.2% stable
144Nd 23.8% 2.29×1015 y α 140Ce
145Nd 8.3% stable
146Nd 17.2% stable
148Nd 5.80% stable
150Nd 5.60% 9.3×1018 y[1] β−β− 150Sm
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Nd)

Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and two long-lived radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In all, 35 radioisotopes of neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes 144Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (t1/2) of 2.29×1015 years) and 150Nd (double beta decay, t1/2 of 9.3×1018 years), and for practical purposes they can be considered to be stable as well. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 11 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is 147Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. This element also has 15 known meta states with the most stable being 139mNd (t1/2 5.5 hours), 135mNd (t1/2 5.5 minutes) and 133m1Nd (t1/2 ~70 seconds).

The primary decay modes for isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope (also the only theoretically stable isotope), 142Nd, are electron capture and positron decay, and the primary mode for heavier radioisotopes is beta decay. The primary decay products for lighter radioisotopes are praseodymium isotopes and the primary products for heavier ones are promethium isotopes.

Neodymium isotopes as fission products

Neodymium is one of the more common fission products that results from the splitting of uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239 and plutonium-241. The distribution of resulting neodymium isotopes is distinctly different than those found in crustal rock formation on Earth. One of the methods used to verify that the Oklo Fossil Reactors in Gabon had produced a natural nuclear fission reactor some two billion years before present was to compare the relative abundances of neodymium isotopes found at the reactor site with those found elsewhere on Earth.[4][5][6]

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[7]
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life[1]
[n 4][n 5] 		Decay
mode[1]
[n 6] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 7] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 8][n 5] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 5] Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
125Nd 60 65 124.94840(43)# 0.65(15) s β+ 125Pr (5/2)(+#)
β+, p (?%) 124Ce
126Nd 60 66 125.94269(32)# 1# s
 0+
127Nd 60 67 126.93998(32)# 1.8(4) s β+ 127Pr 5/2+#
β+, p (?%) 126Ce
128Nd 60 68 127.93502(22)# 5# s 0+
129Nd 60 69 128.93304(22)# 6.8(6) s β+ 129Pr 7/2−[8]
β+, p (?%) 128Ce
129m1Nd 17 keV[8] 2.6(4) s β+ 129Pr 1/2+[8]
β+, p (?%) 128Ce
129m2Nd[8] 39 keV 2.6(4) s β+ 129Pr 3/2+
β+, p (?%) 128Ce
129m3Nd[8] 108 keV IT (?%) 129m2Nd 5/2+
IT (?%) 129Nd
129m4Nd[8] 1893 keV IT 129Nd (17/2+)
129m5Nd[8] 2109 keV IT 129Nd (19/2+)
129m6Nd[8] 2284 keV 0.48(4) μs IT 129Nd (21/2+)
130Nd 60 70 129.928506(30) 21(3) s β+ 130Pr 0+
131Nd 60 71 130.927248(30) 25.4(9) s β+ 131Pr (5/2+)
β+, p (?%) 130Ce
132Nd 60 72 131.923321(26) 1.56(10) min β+ 132Pr 0+
133Nd 60 73 132.922348(50) 70(10) s β+ 133Pr (7/2+)
133m1Nd 127.97(12) keV ~70 s β+ (?%) 133Pr (1/2)+
IT (?%) 133Nd
133m2Nd 176.10(10) keV 301(18) ns IT 133Nd (9/2–)
134Nd 60 74 133.918790(13) 8.5(15) min β+ 134Pr 0+
134mNd 2293.0(4) keV 389(17) μs IT 134Nd 8–
135Nd 60 75 134.918181(21) 12.4(6) min β+ 135Pr 9/2–
135mNd 64.95(24) keV 5.5(5) min β+ 135Pr (1/2+)
136Nd 60 76 135.914976(13) 50.65(33) min β+ 136Pr 0+
137Nd 60 77 136.914563(13) 38.5(15) min β+ 137Pr 1/2+
137mNd 519.43(20) keV 1.60(15) s IT 137Nd 11/2–
138Nd 60 78 137.911951(12) 5.04(9) h β+ 138Pr 0+
138mNd 3174.5(4) keV 370(5) ns IT 138Nd 10+
139Nd 60 79 138.911951(30) 29.7(5) min β+ 139Pr 3/2+
139m1Nd 231.16(5) keV 5.50(20) h β+ (87.0%) 139Pr 11/2–
IT (13.0%) 139Nd
139m2Nd 2616.9(6) keV 276.8(18) ns IT 139Nd 23/2
140Nd 60 80 139.9095461(35) 3.37(2) d EC 140Pr 0+
140m1Nd 2221.65(9) keV 600(50) μs IT 140Nd 7–
140m2Nd 7435.1(4) keV 1.22(6) μs IT 140Nd 20+
141Nd 60 81 140.9096167(34) 2.49(3) h EC (97.28%) 141Pr 3/2+
β+ (2.72%) 141Pr
141mNd 756.51(5) keV 62.0(8) s IT (99.97%) 141Nd 11/2–
β+ (0.032%) 141Pr
142Nd 60 82 141.9077288(13) Stable 0+ 0.27153(40)
143Nd[n 9] 60 83 142.9098198(13) Observationally Stable[n 10] 7/2− 0.12173(26)
144Nd[n 9][n 11] 60 84 143.9100928(13) 2.29(16)×1015 y α 140Ce 0+ 0.23798(19)
145Nd[n 9] 60 85 144.9125792(14) Observationally Stable[n 12] 7/2− 0.08293(12)
146Nd[n 9] 60 86 145.9131225(14) Observationally Stable[n 13] 0+ 0.17189(32)
147Nd[n 9] 60 87 146.9161060(14) 10.98(1) d β− 147Pm 5/2−
148Nd[n 9] 60 88 147.9168990(22) Observationally Stable[n 14] 0+ 0.05756(21)
149Nd[n 9] 60 89 148.9201546(22) 1.728(1) h β− 149Pm 5/2−
150Nd[n 9][n 11] 60 90 149.9209013(12) 9.3(7)×1018 y β−β− 150Sm 0+ 0.05638(28)
151Nd 60 91 150.9238394(12) 12.44(7) min β− 151Pm 3/2+
152Nd 60 92 151.924691(26) 11.4(2) min β− 152Pm 0+
153Nd 60 93 152.9277179(29) 31.6(10) s β− 153Pm (3/2)−
153mNd 191.71(16) keV 1.10(4) μs IT 153Nd (5/2)+
154Nd 60 94 153.9295974(11) 25.9(2) s β− 154Pm 0+
154mNd 1297.9(4) keV 3.2(3) μs IT 154Nd (4−)
155Nd 60 95 154.9331356(98) 8.9(2) s β− 155Pm (3/2−)
156Nd 60 96 155.9353704(14) 5.06(13) s β− 156Pm 0+
156mNd 1431.3(4) keV 365(145) ns IT 156Nd 5−
157Nd 60 97 156.9393511(23) 1.17(4) s[12] β− 157Pm 5/2−#
158Nd 60 98 157.9422056(14) 810(30) ms β− 158Pm 0+
158mNd 1648.1(14) keV 339(20) ns IT 158Nd (6−)
159Nd 60 99 158.946619(32) 500(30) ms β− 159Pm 7/2+#
160Nd 60 100 159.949839(50) 439(37) ms β− 160Pm 0+
160mNd 1107.9(9) keV 1.63(21) μs IT 160Nd (4−)
161Nd 60 101 160.95466(43)# 215(76) ms β− 161Pm 1/2−#
162Nd 60 102 161.95812(43)# 310(200) ms β− 162Pm 0+
163Nd 60 103 162.96341(54)# 80# ms
 5/2−#
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mNd – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition


    p: Proton emission
  7. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Fission product
  10. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 139Ce with a half-life over 1.1×1020 years[9][10]
  11. ^ a b Primordial radionuclide
  12. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 141Ce with a half-life of over 6.1×1019 years[11][10]
  13. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 146Sm, or α decay to 142Ce with a half-life of over 3.3×1021 years[11][10]
  14. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 148Sm with a half-life over 3×1018 years, or α decay to 144Ce with a half-life of over 1.2×1019 years[11][10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Neodymium". CIAAW. 2005.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ Hemond, C.; Menet, C.; Menager, M.T. (1991). "U and Nd Isotopes from the New Oklo Reactor 10 (GABON): Evidence for Radioelements Migration". MRS Proceedings. 257. doi:10.1557/PROC-257-489.
  5. ^ "Oklo's Natural Nuclear Reactors". 24 October 2020.
  6. ^ "The Implications of the Oklo Phenomenon on the Constancy of Radiometric Decay Rates".
  7. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Petrache, C. M.; Uusitalo, J.; Briscoe, A. D.; Sullivan, C. M.; Joss, D. T.; Tann, H.; Aktas, ö.; Alayed, B.; Al-Aqeel, M. A. M.; Astier, A.; Badran, H.; Cederwall, B.; Delafosse, C.; Ertoprak, A.; Favier, Z.; Forsberg, U.; Gins, W.; Grahn, T.; Greenlees, P. T.; He, X. T.; Heery, J.; Hilton, J.; Kalantan, S.; Li, R.; Jodidar, P. M.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Leino, M.; Lewis, M. C.; Li, J. G.; Li, Z. P.; Luoma, M.; Lv, B. F.; McCarter, A.; Nathaniel, S.; Ojala, J.; Page, R. D.; Pakarinen, J.; Papadakis, P.; Parr, E.; Partanen, J.; Paul, E. S.; Rahkila, P.; Ruotsalainen, P.; Sandzelius, M.; Sarén, J.; Smallcombe, J.; Sorri, J.; Szwec, S.; Wang, L. J.; Wang, Y.; Waring, L.; Xu, F. R.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Z. H.; Zheng, K. K.; Zimba, G. (19 July 2023). "High- K three-quasiparticle isomers in the proton-rich nucleus Nd 129" (PDF). Physical Review C. 108 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.014317.
  9. ^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Boiko, R. S.; Cappella, F.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Kasperovych, D. V.; Kobychev, V. V.; Laubenstein, M.; Leoncini, A.; Merlo, V.; Poda, D. V.; Polischuk, O. G.; Sokur, N. V.; Tretyak, V. I. (1 March 2024). "Search for alpha and double alpha decays of natural Nd isotopes accompanied by gamma quanta". European Physical Journal A. 60 (46). doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01260-3.
  10. ^ a b c d Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (140): 4–6. arXiv:1908.11458. Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. S2CID 201664098.
  11. ^ a b c Sokur, N.V.; Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Boiko, R.S.; Cappella, F.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Incicchitti, A.; Kasperovych, D.V.; Kobychev, V.V.; Laubenstein, M.; Leoncini, A.; Merlo, V.; Polischuk, O.G.; Tretyak, V.I. (11 July 2023). Alpha decay of naturally occurring neodymium isotopes. XII International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics.
  12. ^ Hartley, D. J.; Kondev, F. G.; Carpenter, M. P.; Clark, J. A.; Copp, P.; Kay, B.; Lauritsen, T.; Savard, G.; Seweryniak, D.; Wilson, G. L.; Wu, J. (2023-08-14). "First β−-decay spectroscopy study of 157Nd". Physical Review C. 108 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 024307. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108b4307H. doi:10.1103/physrevc.108.024307. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 260913513.
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