In today's article we are going to explore Hemimastigophora, a highly relevant topic that has captured the attention of many people in recent times. With a detailed and exhaustive approach, we will dive into the most important and controversial aspects related to Hemimastigophora, with the aim of offering a complete and objective view on the topic. Through research and in-depth analysis, we will examine the implications and repercussions that Hemimastigophora has in different areas of society, as well as possible solutions or approaches to address this issue effectively. Don't miss this opportunity to deepen your knowledge about Hemimastigophora and gain a broader and more informed perspective on this highly relevant issue.
Hemimastigophora | |
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Hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from Foissner et al., 1988 | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Phylum: | Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993: 379 |
Class: | Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 |
Order: | Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 |
Families | |
Synonyms | |
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Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironematellidae, first identified in 1988, and the Paramastigidae. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes. In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms. It may be related to the Telonemia.
Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al., as a new phylum with a single family, Spironemidae. Its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear, but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa. For 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. During that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and Rhizaria.
In an article published in 2018, Lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, had been discovered in a Nova Scotian soil sample, and successfully cultivated in the laboratory. A second hemimastigophoran, a new species of Spironema, was found in the same sample. Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level.
The 2024 study revealed the enigmatic Meteora sporadica to be also related to Hemimastigophora.
The hemimastigote classification, as of 2022: