In today's world, Ghanaian braille is a topic that has captured the attention of people around the world. From its impact on society to its relevance in the political sphere, Ghanaian braille has sparked unprecedented interest. With a historical background dating back centuries, Ghanaian braille has evolved and adapted to the changing dynamics of modern society. This article seeks to explore the multiple facets of Ghanaian braille, from its origins to its influence today, with the aim of providing a comprehensive vision of this topic and its importance in the contemporary world.
Several braille alphabets are used in Ghana. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Four other languages have been written in braille: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, and Dagaare. All three alphabets are based on the basic braille letter values of basic Latin alphabet:
The braille equivalents of print letters beyond these are described below. English Braille punctuation is used in both Ghana and (according to UNESCO 2013) Togo.
Braille is not in active use in Ghana for any language but English. However, there are some older publications in these braille alphabets.
Twi Braille Akan Braille | |
---|---|
Script type | alphabet
|
Languages | Twi |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Braille
|
Akan has one extra vowel letters. ⠪ ɔ could be expected from international/African norms; ⠻ ɛ is specific to Ghana.
ɔ |
ɛ |
Ga Braille Dagaare Braille | |
---|---|
Script type | alphabet
|
Languages | Ga, Dagaare |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Braille
|
Ga and Dagaare add a third extra letter, ⠬ ŋ.
ɔ |
ɛ |
ŋ |
Ewe Braille | |
---|---|
Script type | alphabet
|
Languages | Ewe |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Braille
|
Ewe adds several additional consonants: ⠫ ɖ, ⠹ ƒ, ⠣ ɣ, ⠮ ʋ.
ɔ |
ɛ |
ŋ |
ɖ |
ƒ |
ɣ |
ʋ |
The ɖ and ɣ are the international/African norm (see also Nigerian braille); ƒ and ʋ are from the English th sounds, the closest approximation in that language after f and v.
Ewe is the primary language of Togo, and is evidently used in Togo with the same braille assignments as in Ghana. UNESCO (2013 ) reports several additional Togolese alphabets it was unable to confirm, but which were designed in conjunction with the Ghanaian languages; they evidently use the Ghanaian Ewe assignments:
In addition, UNESCO reports that various Togolese languages have ⠡ for nasal vowels, ⠸ for high tone, ⠘ for mid tone, and ⠰ for low tone.
All five of these languages are spoken in Ghana as well as Togo, but Unesco does not report on them being reduced to braille there.