Columbia-Moses language
In today's world, Columbia-Moses language has become a topic of increasing interest to all types of people. With the arrival of the digital age, globalization and technological advances, Columbia-Moses language has gained unusual relevance in our daily lives. Whether we're talking about its impact on society, the economy, politics, or even popular culture, Columbia-Moses language finds itself in the spotlight of researchers, experts, and fans alike. In this article, we will explore the different facets of Columbia-Moses language and its influence on various aspects of our daily lives.
| Moses-Columbia | |
|---|---|
| Columbia-Wenatchi | |
| Nxaʔamxcín | |
| Native to | United States of America |
| Region | northern Idaho, eastern Washington |
| Ethnicity | 230 (2000 census) |
| Extinct | April 2023 |
Salishan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | col |
| Glottolog | colu1241 |
| ELP | Columbian |
 Columbian is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Moses-Columbia, or Columbia-Wenatchi (in Moses-Columbia: Nxaʔamxcín), was a Southern Interior Salish language, also known as Nxaảmxcín. Speakers resided in the Colville Indian Reservation. The Columbia people were followers of Chief Moses.
There were two dialects, Columbia (Sinkiuse, Columbian) and Wenatchi (Wenatchee, Entiat, Chelan). Wenatchi was the heritage language of the Wenatchi, Chelan, and Entiat tribes, Columbian of the Sinkiuse-Columbia.
Pauline Stensgar, who died in April 2023 at age 96, is reported to have been the last fully fluent speaker.
Phonology
Phonology of the Columbia-Wenatchi dialect:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||||
| glottalized | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | kʼ | kʷ’ | qʼ | qʷ’ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ħ | ħʷ | h | ||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | ʕ | ʕʷ | |||||
| glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | lˀ | jˀ | wˀ | ʕˀ | ʕʷˀ | ||||||
| Trill | plain | r | |||||||||||
| glottalized | rˀ | ||||||||||||
The three vowels in Moses-Columbia are /i/, /a/, /u/. They are sometimes transcribed as ; /i/, ; /u/, and ; /a/, and could also tend to sound unstressed, almost as a schwa sound, /ə/.
References
- ^ a b Moses-Columbia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Hanlon, James (May 5, 2023). "Last fluent speaker of n̓xaʔm̓xčín̓ language dies at 96". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
Further reading
- Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa and Paul Proulx. 2000. "REVIEWS - What's in a Word? Structure in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 66, no. 3: 410.
- Kinkade, M. Dale. Dictionary of the Moses-Columbia Language (Nxaʔamxcín). Nespelem, Wash: Colville Confederated Tribes, 1981.
- Mattina, Nancy. 2006. "Determiner Phrases in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 1: 97.
- Willet, Marie Louise. 2003." A Grammatical Sketch of Nxa'amxcin" PhD Thesis, University of Victoria.
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