In today's world, 1993 Russian constitutional referendum has become increasingly relevant in different areas of society. Whether in the technological, cultural, political or social sphere, 1993 Russian constitutional referendum has become a topic of constant interest and debate. There are many studies and research that have been carried out to fully understand the impact that 1993 Russian constitutional referendum has on people's daily lives. In this article, we will explore different aspects related to 1993 Russian constitutional referendum, analyzing its importance, its implications and the different perspectives that exist around this topic. Without a doubt, 1993 Russian constitutional referendum is a topic that leaves no one indifferent and that deserves our attention and reflection.
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Do you accept the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Results | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results by federal subject |
A constitutional referendum was held in Russia on 12 December 1993. The new constitution was approved by 58.4% of voters, and came into force on 25 December.
Since 1992, President Boris Yeltsin had been arguing that the 1978 constitution was obsolete and needed replacing. He called for a new constitution which would grant more powers to the President. However, two competing drafts of a new constitution were drawn up by the government and the Congress of People's Deputies. Failure of the two groups to reach a compromise led to Yeltsin dissolving the Congress of People's Deputies in September 1993, leading to a constitutional crisis.
Yeltsin then called a Constitutional Assembly that was sympathetic to his views. The Assembly subsequently drafted a constitution that provided for a strong presidency, and was published on 11 November.
This referendum was officially named "nationwide voting" (Russian: всенародное голосование, romanized: vsenarodnoye golosovaniye) in documents.
Раздел второй
Заключительные и переходные положения
1. Конституция Российской Федерации вступает в силу со дня официального ее опубликования по результатам всенародного голосования.— 1993 Constitution of Russia
Translated:
Second Section
Concluding and Transitional Provisions
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide voting.
Choice | Votes | % |
---|---|---|
For | 32,937,630 | 58.4 |
Against | 23,431,333 | 41.6 |
Invalid/blank votes | 1,357,909 | – |
Total | 57,726,872 | 100 |
Registered voters/turnout | 106,170,835 | 54.4 |
Source: Nohlen & Stöver |
Voter turnout was officially reported as 54.4%, over the 50% threshold required to validate the referendum. However, doubts remained over the accuracy of the turnout figure, exacerbated by the quick destruction of ballots and area tallies.
Federal subject | For | Against | Invalid/ blank |
Total | Registered voters |
Turnout | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||||
1 | Adygea | 74,846 | 38.90 | 117,571 | 61.10 | 3157 | 195,574 | 323,612 | 60.43 |
2 | Bashkortostan | 721,769 | 42.01 | 996,135 | 57.99 | 52,113 | 1,770,017 | 2,824,125 | 62.67 |
3 | Buryatia | 204,779 | 57.96 | 148,547 | 42.04 | 15,479 | 368,805 | 663,957 | 55.55 |
4 | Altai | 43,629 | 55.97 | 34,316 | 44.03 | 2818 | 80,763 | 123,091 | 65.61 |
5 | Dagestan | 141,697 | 20.86 | 537,601 | 79.14 | 11,332 | 690,630 | 1,089,626 | 63.38 |
6 | Ingushetia | 37,583 | 56.90 | 28,469 | 43.10 | 877 | 66,929 | 124,754 | 53.65 |
7 | Kabardino-Balkaria | 185,214 | 63.26 | 107,553 | 36.74 | 5849 | 298,616 | 508,683 | 58.70 |
8 | Kalmykia | 57,258 | 51.52 | 53,880 | 48.48 | 6359 | 117,497 | 206,944 | 56.78 |
9 | Karachay-Cherkessia | 55,512 | 28.00 | 142,743 | 72.00 | 3353 | 201,608 | 286,579 | 70.35 |
10 | Karelia | 210,730 | 70.88 | 86,571 | 29.12 | 7760 | 305,061 | 577,618 | 52.81 |
11 | Komi | 239,180 | 63.77 | 135,893 | 36.23 | 9158 | 384,231 | 808,418 | 47.53 |
12 | Mari | 156,179 | 52.43 | 141,695 | 47.57 | 10,235 | 308,109 | 537,282 | 57.35 |
13 | Mordovia | 153,778 | 37.14 | 260,220 | 62.86 | 10,737 | 424,735 | 689,309 | 61.62 |
14 | Yakutia | 214,263 | 55.01 | 175,253 | 44.99 | 19,403 | 408,919 | 625,432 | 65.38 |
15 | North Ossetia | 132,202 | 53.09 | 116,801 | 46.91 | 7626 | 256,629 | 421,500 | 60.88 |
16 | Tatarstan | 264,028 | 74.84 | 88,758 | 25.16 | 13,434 | 366,220 | 2,638,575 | 13.88 |
17 | Tuva | 31,310 | 31.21 | 68,999 | 68.79 | 4240 | 104,549 | 165,620 | 63.13 |
18 | Udmurtia | 301,026 | 57.45 | 222,912 | 42.55 | 16,452 | 540,390 | 1,134,009 | 47.65 |
19 | Khakassia | 99,737 | 58.47 | 70,839 | 41.53 | 5146 | 175,722 | 384,234 | 45.73 |
20 | Chechnya | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21 | Chuvashia | 237,107 | 41.58 | 333,131 | 58.42 | 22,315 | 592,553 | 943,458 | 62.81 |
22 | Altai Krai | 524,005 | 51.17 | 499,969 | 48.83 | 22,039 | 1,046,013 | 1,929,497 | 54.21 |
23 | Krasnodar Krai | 970,838 | 51.16 | 926,925 | 48.84 | 34,229 | 1,931,992 | 3,546,775 | 54.47 |
24 | Krasnoyarsk | 653,489 | 61.84 | 403,173 | 38.16 | 23,596 | 1,080,258 | 2,117,784 | 51.01 |
25 | Primorsky Krai | 551,447 | 71.45 | 220,368 | 28.55 | 19,836 | 791,651 | 1,549,823 | 51.08 |
26 | Stavropol Krai | 607,825 | 54.15 | 514,693 | 45.85 | 18,948 | 1,141,466 | 1,809,146 | 63.09 |
27 | Khabarovsk Krai | 352,619 | 70.46 | 147,843 | 29.54 | 13,692 | 514,154 | 1,081,802 | 47.53 |
28 | Amur | 191,060 | 50.24 | 189,231 | 49.76 | 6811 | 387,102 | 670,701 | 57.72 |
29 | Arkhangelsk | 410,905 | 73.24 | 150,109 | 26.76 | 12,960 | 573,974 | 1,059,404 | 54.18 |
30 | Astrakhan | 208,298 | 58.48 | 147,914 | 41.52 | 8791 | 365,003 | 723,936 | 50.42 |
31 | Belgorod | 311,577 | 44.95 | 381,649 | 55.05 | 11,758 | 704,984 | 1,055,318 | 66.80 |
32 | Bryansk | 293,494 | 42.36 | 399,442 | 57.64 | 12,377 | 705,313 | 1,094,780 | 64.43 |
33 | Vladimir | 425,548 | 59.63 | 288,121 | 40.37 | 19,230 | 732,899 | 1,227,727 | 59.70 |
34 | Volgograd | 503,391 | 48.72 | 529,808 | 51.28 | 28,743 | 1,061,942 | 1,926,086 | 55.13 |
35 | Vologda | 393,088 | 69.84 | 169,761 | 30.16 | 13,633 | 576,482 | 974,026 | 59.19 |
36 | Voronezh | 502,358 | 45.16 | 610,006 | 54.84 | 19,293 | 1,131,657 | 1,922,595 | 58.86 |
37 | Ivanovo | 343,390 | 64.02 | 193,015 | 35.98 | 14,274 | 550,679 | 966,579 | 56.97 |
38 | Irkutsk | 621,676 | 74.16 | 216,571 | 25.84 | 17,947 | 856,194 | 1,767,955 | 48.43 |
39 | Kaliningrad | 251,575 | 66.33 | 127,711 | 33.67 | 8949 | 388,235 | 691,226 | 56.17 |
40 | Kaluga | 250,653 | 50.60 | 244,750 | 49.40 | 9896 | 505,299 | 806,958 | 62.62 |
41 | Kamchatka | 86,239 | 71.03 | 35,176 | 28.97 | 2574 | 123,989 | 286,983 | 43.20 |
42 | Kemerovo | 683,552 | 62.30 | 413,681 | 37.70 | 37,252 | 1,134,485 | 2,147,965 | 52.82 |
43 | Kirov | 412,671 | 61.38 | 259,682 | 38.62 | 19,851 | 692,204 | 1,199,823 | 57.69 |
44 | Kostroma | 201,711 | 58.00 | 146,048 | 42.00 | 7237 | 354,996 | 594,812 | 59.68 |
45 | Kurgan | 264,749 | 57.24 | 197,794 | 42.76 | 9186 | 471,729 | 780,223 | 60.46 |
46 | Kursk | 274,704 | 43.79 | 352,647 | 56.21 | 10,119 | 637,470 | 996,385 | 63.98 |
47 | Leningrad | 466,167 | 67.58 | 223,604 | 32.42 | 15,586 | 705,357 | 1,258,387 | 56.05 |
48 | Lipetsk | 229,086 | 42.38 | 311,525 | 57.62 | 12,352 | 552,963 | 923,922 | 59.85 |
49 | Magadan | 60,854 | 68.56 | 27,912 | 31.44 | 1732 | 90,498 | 186,780 | 48.45 |
50 | Moscow | 1,841,771 | 62.94 | 1,084,423 | 37.06 | 90,718 | 3,016,912 | 5,374,056 | 56.14 |
51 | Murmansk | 284,984 | 71.30 | 114,698 | 28.70 | 8824 | 408,506 | 806,705 | 50.64 |
52 | Nizhny Novgorod | 820,215 | 57.47 | 607,076 | 42.53 | 41,952 | 1,469,243 | 2,832,863 | 51.86 |
53 | Novgorod | 202,832 | 63.04 | 118,936 | 36.96 | 7709 | 329,477 | 559,612 | 58.88 |
54 | Novosibirsk | 509,592 | 51.52 | 479,479 | 48.48 | 23,205 | 1,012,276 | 2,005,969 | 50.46 |
55 | Omsk | 491,751 | 57.79 | 359,208 | 42.21 | 22,419 | 873,378 | 1,506,471 | 57.98 |
56 | Orenburg | 482,966 | 58.02 | 349,472 | 41.98 | 20,026 | 852,464 | 1,551,638 | 54.94 |
57 | Oryol | 186,463 | 42.61 | 251,090 | 57.39 | 7361 | 444,914 | 687,002 | 64.76 |
58 | Penza | 289,550 | 39.91 | 435,965 | 60.09 | 13,496 | 739,011 | 1,152,399 | 64.13 |
59 | Perm | 715,229 | 79.79 | 181,122 | 20.21 | 24,379 | 920,730 | 1,995,770 | 46.13 |
60 | Pskov | 241,283 | 56.96 | 182,353 | 43.04 | 6498 | 430,134 | 643,485 | 66.84 |
61 | Rostov | 929,506 | 51.50 | 875,503 | 48.50 | 41,588 | 1,846,597 | 3,236,960 | 57.05 |
62 | Ryazan | 327,812 | 50.58 | 320,304 | 49.42 | 13,465 | 661,581 | 1,019,518 | 64.89 |
63 | Samara | 705,425 | 56.87 | 534,884 | 43.13 | 33,205 | 1,273,514 | 2,424,184 | 52.53 |
64 | Saratov | 586,019 | 51.06 | 561,711 | 48.94 | 23,346 | 1,171,076 | 2,009,819 | 58.27 |
65 | Sakhalin | 147,406 | 63.96 | 83,052 | 36.04 | 5863 | 236,321 | 473,474 | 49.91 |
66 | Sverdlovsk | 1,299,299 | 79.84 | 327,990 | 20.16 | 38,543 | 1,665,832 | 3,426,954 | 48.61 |
67 | Smolensk | 236,097 | 42.82 | 315,289 | 57.18 | 9944 | 561,330 | 873,729 | 64.25 |
68 | Tambov | 257,133 | 41.99 | 355,301 | 58.01 | 13,331 | 625,765 | 977,867 | 63.99 |
69 | Tver | 387,026 | 51.34 | 366,841 | 48.66 | 16,657 | 770,524 | 1,239,450 | 62.17 |
70 | Tomsk | 217,624 | 68.45 | 100,308 | 31.55 | 9061 | 326,993 | 728,062 | 44.91 |
71 | Tula | 488,714 | 58.22 | 350,643 | 41.78 | 23,602 | 862,959 | 1,441,233 | 59.88 |
72 | Tyumen | 282,917 | 67.77 | 134,576 | 32.23 | 11,935 | 429,428 | 883,203 | 48.62 |
73 | Ulyanovsk | 314,216 | 51.16 | 299,926 | 48.84 | 14,056 | 628,198 | 1,059,023 | 59.32 |
74 | Chelyabinsk | 1,009,544 | 77.21 | 298,000 | 22.79 | 27,893 | 1,335,437 | 2,631,098 | 50.76 |
75 | Chita | 224,548 | 56.81 | 170,739 | 43.19 | 10,428 | 405,715 | 790,137 | 51.35 |
76 | Yaroslavl | 397,898 | 66.33 | 202,013 | 33.67 | 16,348 | 616,259 | 1,098,483 | 56.10 |
77 | Moscow (City) | 2,474,524 | 69.94 | 1,063,406 | 30.06 | 75,817 | 3,613,747 | 6,987,494 | 51.72 |
78 | Saint Petersburg | 1,391,887 | 71.61 | 551,765 | 28.39 | 28,408 | 1,972,060 | 3,760,852 | 52.44 |
79 | Jewish AO | 44,406 | 64.85 | 24,071 | 35.15 | 2152 | 70,629 | 137,038 | 51.54 |
80 | Agin-Buryat AO | 19,201 | 69.90 | 8,270 | 30.10 | 846 | 28,317 | 44,387 | 63.80 |
81 | Komi-Permyak AO | 46,432 | 81.44 | 10,580 | 18.56 | 1603 | 58,615 | 102,909 | 56.96 |
82 | Koryakia | 9,267 | 73.98 | 3,259 | 26.02 | 792 | 13,318 | 22,828 | 58.34 |
83 | Nenets AO | 13,338 | 74.41 | 4,587 | 25.59 | 554 | 18,479 | 31,470 | 58.72 |
84 | Taymyr | 13,815 | 81.80 | 3,074 | 18.20 | 507 | 17,396 | 29,411 | 59.15 |
85 | Ust-Orda Buryat AO | 45,577 | 80.89 | 10,764 | 19.11 | 996 | 57,337 | 82,871 | 69.19 |
86 | Khanty-Mansi AO | 253,458 | 81.84 | 56,224 | 18.16 | 5919 | 315,601 | 794,131 | 39.74 |
87 | Chukotka | 31,503 | 75.88 | 10,015 | 24.12 | 876 | 42,394 | 75,661 | 56.03 |
88 | Evenkia | 5,176 | 68.94 | 2,332 | 31.06 | 177 | 7685 | 13,863 | 55.44 |
89 | Yamalo-Nenets AO | 102,430 | 80.34 | 25,069 | 19.66 | 2676 | 130,175 | 284,532 | 45.75 |
Total | 32,937,630 | 58.43 | 23,431,333 | 41.57 | 1,357,909 | 57,726,872 | 106,170,835 | 54.37 | |
Source: Central Election Commission of Russia |